Thermal treatment above 1400 degrees Celsius collapses hard carbon closed pores, shrinking plateau capacity below 100 mAh/g and reducing sodium storage efficiency.
Thermal processing of hard carbon precursors regulates d002 interlayer spacing and closed microporosity to optimize sodium storage capacity and coulombic efficiency.
Optimize precursor pre-oxidation at 230-270 °C under 0.05 atm O2 to expand closed pore volume, achieving >220 mAh/g low-potential plateau capacity and >88% ICE.
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