Acid Leaching Parameters for Biomass Hard Carbon Demineralization Consistency
Precise acid leaching parameters control biomass ash removal, protecting hard carbon pore structures and initial coulombic efficiency.
Turbo-Stratic Carbon
Meaning
Disordered lattices define a form of carbon where the layers of atoms are stacked without a regular orientation. Turbo-stratic carbon contains small regions of parallel planes that are twisted or shifted relative to each other. This lack of alignment creates larger spaces between the layers than those found in pure graphite.
Random Orientation
Graphitic sheets in these materials do not form a perfect crystal. Within turbo-stratic carbon, the hexagonal rings of carbon atoms are well defined but the vertical stacking lacks long range order. This structure is common in hard carbons used for sodium ion battery anodes or high power lithium anodes.
The disorganized nature of the layers makes the material more resistant to the expansion and contraction that occur during ion insertion.
Diffusion Rate
Interlayer spacing is the primary driver of ion mobility. Because turbo-stratic carbon provides a wider entrance for ions, it supports faster charging speeds than conventional graphite.
Heat Treatment
Processing schedules determine the final degree of disorder in the material. Producing turbo-stratic carbon involves carbonizing organic precursors at temperatures low enough to prevent full graphitization. Controlling the heating rate and the peak temperature allows manufacturers to tune the density of the carbon for specific energy storage applications.