
Closed Pore Architecture Optimization via Ozone Assisted Pre-Oxidation Parameters
Ozone-assisted pre-oxidation creates oxygen bridges that maximize closed pore nanovoids in hard carbon, raising initial coulombic efficiency above ninety percent.

Ozone-assisted pre-oxidation creates oxygen bridges that maximize closed pore nanovoids in hard carbon, raising initial coulombic efficiency above ninety percent.

Precursor selection for sodium ion hard carbon anodes dictates closed pore volume, surface area, initial coulombic efficiency, and landed material cost.

Thermal processing of hard carbon precursors regulates d002 interlayer spacing and closed microporosity to optimize sodium storage capacity and coulombic efficiency.

Optimize precursor pre-oxidation at 230-270 °C under 0.05 atm O2 to expand closed pore volume, achieving >220 mAh/g low-potential plateau capacity and >88% ICE.
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