Trace Element Impurity Limits in Recycled Battery Precursor Hydroxides
Recycled precursor hydroxides demand strict trace impurity limits below 100 ppm total metals to prevent cathode microcracking and rapid cell capacity fade.
Trace Contaminant Induced Lattice Strain and Phase Instability in Recycled High-Nickel Cathodes
Trace impurities in recycled high-nickel cathodes induce lattice strain and microcracking, accelerating capacity fade and raising landed cost per cycle.
Hydrometallurgical Refining and Precursor Hydroxide Crystallization Dynamics
Hydrometallurgical refining and coprecipitation dynamics dictate precursor particle morphology, phase purity, and electrochemical life in lithium-ion cells.
Sodium Ion Sacrificial Additive Chemistry Mechanics
Sacrificial sodium additives offset initial hard carbon capacity loss to increase sodium-ion cell energy density and reduce landed cost per kilowatt-hour.